How society has made life difficult for young people
Six-year-olds are children. Fourteen-year-olds are
teenagers. Forty-year-olds are adults. There would likely be little
disagreement about any of these claims.
But what about 18, 19, 20, or 21 year olds? Or
25-year-olds, for that matter? What are they?
People in their late teens and twenties – those who are
no longer minors but who have not yet taken on full adult responsibilities –
have become a unique age group. Many risky behaviors, such as heavy alcohol
use, use of illegal drugs, sex with acquaintances or relative strangers, and
drunk driving peak during the 18-25 year-old age group. Many people in this age
group keep switching college majors, moving into and out of their families’
homes, changing jobs, and moving in and out of relationships.
What is it with these people? Why do they take so many
foolish risks, and why won’t they just grow up?
My colleague Jeff Arnett has devoted much of his career
to helping us understand this age group. He started by asking young people
between 18 and 25 whether they thought of themselves as adults. A few said yes,
and a few said no, but most of them said “in some ways yes, and in some ways
no.” This was not a casual or blow-off answer. Our society really doesn’t have
much of a formal place for people who have finished their secondary schooling
but who have not yet settled down into “permanent” adult roles. Indeed, the way
our society is configured actually prevents many people in the 18-25 age group
from settling down.
For much of the 20th Century, there was a fairly standard
path from formal schooling into adulthood. Many young people got married
shortly after finishing high school, many men took entry-level jobs, and many
women became stay-at-home mothers and homemakers. The jobs that young people
took after finishing high school were often apprenticeship-type positions or
positions working in the mailroom, in a steel mill, on an assembly line, et
cetera. Workers who showed promise and dedication could sometimes move up in
the company, and many working people stayed with the same company – or in the
same line of work – for most or all of their careers. My grandfather, for
example, started out in the mailroom of a costume jewelry business and
eventually became the CEO.
Starting in the late 1960s and 1970s, things began to
change. Many women grew tired of staying home and raising children while their
husbands went to work. The steel mills began to close, and machines began to
take the place of assembly line workers. Having watched their parents spend
their lives in unhappy – or at least unsatisfying – marriages, many young
people in the 1970s decided to wait longer to marry and to become parents, and
some of those who found themselves in unhappy or unfulfilling marriages got
divorced. The pipeline directly from high school into marriage and the
workforce was beginning to break down, and young people began to flock to
colleges and universities to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to be
competitive for the jobs that were available. Especially beginning in the
1980s, college became a time and place to “try out” adult roles, career
choices, and relationship preferences. According to the National Center for
Education Statistics, the number of Americans attending college full time
increased by 430% between 1959 and 2010 – nearly six times the 72% increase in
the overall U.S. population during that time.
Further, many young people were delaying marriage until
their mid-twenties, and the social taboo against having sex before marriage
began to ease. So the two primary issues that once were generally resolved
shortly after high school – career and romantic partnership – were being
delayed, and young people were expected to make choices in these areas rather
than simply “falling into” a job and a marriage. This evolution from the
traditional high-school-to-work transition to a more extended transition based
on trying out potential choices was based both on individuals’ desire to change
traditional gender roles and on the decreasing availability of entry-level
jobs. These changes created the life stage that Arnett calls “emerging
adulthood” (roughly ages 18-25).
So the reason why young people engage in such risky
behavior and live such transitory lives lies in the combination of changing
social norms, shifting economic conditions, and advancing technology. A college
degree today is worth about as much as a high school degree was worth 40 or 50
years ago – it is the entry point for many professions, and it would be
difficult to get a job in many fields without at least a bachelor’s degree.
More and more people are enrolling in master’s degree programs, which means
more time in school and an even more delayed entry into the workforce. The increased
credentials required for many jobs, coupled with a shrinking job market, also
mean that many more people will not be able to successfully compete for
high-paying and satisfying jobs. More and more young people are moving back in
with their parents (or not moving out in the first place) because they cannot
find suitable work. More young people than ever are struggling to find their
way. Risky behaviors are a form of identity exploration for some emerging
adults who are looking to experiment with possible life paths and
relationships, but these behaviors are often a mode of escape for young people
who are unable to compete in an increasingly difficult and complex world.
At the same time, social norms have moved even further
away from anything that my grandparents’ generation would recognize. The
majority of births in the United States are now to mothers who are not married.
Many couples are living together indefinitely with no plans to marry. Many
people view breasts and genitals not as “private” parts (as they once were
viewed), but as potential fashion statements. Breast augmentation, Brazilian
bikini waxes, and male enhancement treatments are only some of the ways in
which people are marketing themselves sexually. The very thought of a “sexual
marketplace” is foreign even to my generation. We now have smartphone apps that
provide the physical locations of potential hookup sex partners, and people are
transmitting pictures of their genitals through social media. Behaviors that
were once reserved for the sanctity of a married couple’s bedroom are now
marketed and displayed publicly – thereby increasing the pressure on young
people to “measure up” to some imaginary and unreachable standard. Our role
models today are less likely to include presidents and newscasters, and more
likely to include celebrities whose reckless behavior quickly creates new
social standards. So not only are many young people blocked from reaching
adulthood, but they are bombarded with role models for childish and
irresponsible behavior. Lifestyles that would have been considered deviant 50
years ago are now commonplace. Our society has made it so difficult to become a
functioning an adult, while at the same time providing plenty of role models
for immaturity – so is it any wonder that today’s young people are living
lifestyles that many of us from earlier generations think is crazy?
By Seth Schwartz Ph.D.
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